
The Thyroid Gland: What It Does and Why It Matters
The thyroid gland plays an important role in the body. It helps control energy levels, metabolism, and many other functions. When the thyroid does not work properly, it can cause serious health problems. Understanding how this gland works helps people stay healthy and recognize when something goes wrong.
The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the front of the neck. It sits just below the Adam’s apple and wraps around the windpipe. This gland produces hormones that control how the body uses energy.
The thyroid produces two main hormones:
The pituitary gland, located in the brain, controls the thyroid. It releases thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which tells the thyroid how much hormone to make. When TSH levels rise, the thyroid produces more hormones. When TSH levels drop, the thyroid slows down hormone production.
The thyroid affects nearly every part of the body. Some of its main functions include:
When the thyroid does not function properly, health problems occur. The two most common thyroid disorders are hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism.
Hypothyroidism happens when the thyroid does not produce enough hormones. This slows down body functions and causes symptoms such as:
A lack of iodine, an autoimmune disease (like Hashimoto’s thyroiditis), or damage to the thyroid can cause hypothyroidism. Doctors diagnose this condition with blood tests and treat it with daily thyroid hormone medication.
Hyperthyroidism occurs when the thyroid makes too much hormone. This speeds up body functions and causes symptoms such as:
Graves’ disease, thyroid nodules, or inflammation can cause hyperthyroidism. Treatments include medication, radioactive iodine therapy, or surgery to remove part of the thyroid.
In addition to hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, other thyroid issues can develop.
A goiter happens when the thyroid becomes swollen. This can result from iodine deficiency or thyroid disease. A small goiter may not cause problems, but a large one can make swallowing or breathing difficult.
Nodules are small lumps that form in the thyroid. Most nodules are harmless, but some can produce excess hormones or become cancerous. Doctors check nodules with ultrasound and biopsy tests.
Thyroid cancer occurs when abnormal cells grow in the thyroid. Symptoms include a lump in the neck, trouble swallowing, or voice changes. Treatment options include surgery, radiation, and medication.
Taking care of the thyroid helps prevent many problems. Some ways to support thyroid health include:
Iodine is an important nutrient for thyroid function. The thyroid needs iodine to make hormones. Foods rich in iodine include:
High stress levels affect thyroid function. Practicing relaxation techniques, such as deep breathing, yoga, and meditation, helps keep stress levels low.
Doctors can check thyroid function with blood tests. If someone experiences thyroid symptoms, they should talk to a doctor.
A healthy diet supports thyroid function. Nutrients like selenium, zinc, and iron help the thyroid work properly. Foods that support thyroid health include:
Physical activity helps regulate metabolism and supports overall health. Even light exercise, like walking, improves thyroid function.
The thyroid gland controls many important functions in the body. When it works properly, people feel energetic and healthy. When problems occur, symptoms can affect daily life. Understanding the thyroid and taking care of it helps people stay healthy and avoid serious health issues. Eating well, managing stress, and seeing a doctor when needed can make a big difference in thyroid health.